22.033

Biofue ls Presen tation

Alex, Lizz y, Ogie, Matt, and Kat hryn October 3, 2011

1

Overview

• Our G oal

• House of Q uali ty

• Comp ariso n of Biomass Sources

• Possibl e Uses & Processes

• Comp ariso n of Inputs

• Comp ariso n of O utputs

• Conclusi on

2

Our Goa l

As a grou p, we inten d t o de sign a bio fuels plan t which:

1. Maximi zes our fuel outpu t

2. Co up les with hydr og en pro du ction

3. Uses t he t he resources (electricit y , heat, etc.) from the nuclear plan t.

3

H ouse of Quality

Cu stom er Requi rem ents

• Ca rbon emissi ons

• Fue l De mand

• Fu el Output (Quantity)

• Co mpetition wi th Foo d Su ppl ie rs

• Co st of F uel Produced

• Quali ty of F uel Produ ce d (Energy Den sity)

HoQ template courtesy of QFD Online. Used with permission.

4

Biomass feedstock compa rison

	Cost	Energy den sity	A gricul tu re y ield	Com pet itio n w ith fo od sou rce
Sw itc h grass	$60/t on	17 MJ/kg	1 1.5 t on /acre	no
Sorghu m	$40/ton	16.9 MJ /kg	20 to n/acre	ye s
Energy cane	$34/ton	12.9 MJ /kg	30 to n/acre	no
Energy cane	$34/ton	12.9 MJ /kg	17 to n/acre	ye s
Corn	$40- 50/to n	13.4 MJ /kg	3.4 to n/acre	ye s
A lgae			58,700L/ha	no
5

Biomass feedstock compa rison

Fermentation (Bio)

6

Algae Tr ansesterification

Pros:

• Requ ires low t em pe ratu res be twee n 20 - 30C

• Prod uced with ou t th e use of

hig h -value ara ble la nd

Con s:

• Does no t u tili ze core he at or hydrog en inp uts

• Expe nsive to h arvest

*** http:/ /ww w .oil ga e.com/alg ae /oil /biod/t ra/t ra.htm l

*** Y usuf Ch isti (2007) Bi odi esel fr om Microal g 7 ae . Bi otechno lo gy Ad vance s 25:294 - 306

Electrofuel s

Uses power from the core to drive mic rob ial pro cess es that pro duce hydrog en gas.

1. Mic rob ial Elec trolys is Cell (MEC)

• uses ene rgy to en ha nce t he microbia l proce ssi ng of org anic substrates (e.g. cellulose, acetic acid) in a "bio battery" to pro duce hydrog en gas and oxygen.

2. Microbia l Electrosy nthe sis

Eff iciency d epe nds on pH, sy stem tempera ture, and choice of mic rob e

8

Biochem ical Ethanol Productio n

• Dilute acid p re - treatment (glucos e etc)

• Simultaneous Sacchar ification and Fermentat ion (SSF) (37 ° C, 7 days)

• Ethanol recov ery by dis tillation

• W aste W ater T reatment (WWT ) (methane) 9

Ethanol Inputs and O utputs

Inpu ts

Bioma ss: 65 .6 kg/s Lo w P Stea m: 7.1 kg /s High P Stea m: 23 .0 kg /s

$2 /gall on

( Bransb y , Cell ulos i c biofuel

tec hnol ogi es )

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Therm ochem ical Biofuel Productio n

1. Gasification (Syngas produ ction)

2. Syngas conversion (F - T liqui d produ ction)

3. F -T li quid refining (gasoline, diesel blend)

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F- T Process Overvi ew

Biomas s:

41. 4 k g/s

O2 Stea m: 2 .6 kg /s 240 ° C

H2S, CO2

Gaso lin e Ble nd :

2.5 k g/s

Dies el Blen d:

3.8 kg /s

H2:

0.1 k g/s

25 -

40 ° C

Sync ru de

Rec yc lin g o f Unc on ve rte d Syng as

Di agram and num bers ad a 1 p 2 ted from Kreutz , Fis her - T ropsc h Fuels from Coal And Bi omas s , 2008

Hydro gen Use in F - T Refinin g

Courtesy of Thomas G. Kreutz. Used with permission.

$1/ga llon

(Bransb y , Cel l ul os i c bi ofuel tec hnol ogi es )

Comp ariso n of processe s

	T emp erature of reac tio n	Hy drog en inp ut	Steam inp ut	Biom ass inp ut	Biof uel O ut pu t rate	Elec tricit y usag e	Capit al cost
Electro fu el	2 5 - 1 00 C	0	0	7.2 kg cellulose/1 kg H2	1.23 m 3 H2/m 3 reac to r day at op tim al v olt age	~2.2 kW h/m ^3 - reac to r day	$ 75 0 ,0 00
Bioco nv ersion	190C	0.41 kg/sec	30 kg/sec (100C and 190C)	65kg/sec (s w itch grass)	13.2 kg/sec (et han ol)		$346million
Th ermochem ical bio fu el	236	0.1 kg/sec (25C, 4bar)	2.6 kg/sec,(236 C)	41.4 kg/sec (sw itch grass)	6.3 kg/sec (g asoline blen d)	32MW	$541 million
Phot osy nt he t ic algae	20- 30 C	0	0	carbon dio xide, nit rogen , sulf ur	226.1 gal/ day	55kW	$821,000- $14million
14

Summar y of Products

15

E nergy Density of Biofuel s

Ener gy De nsity of differe nt po ssi ble pro du cts from F - T liquid s Bio - diesel fuel - high est ene rgy to volume ratio

16

B iofuel Carb on Emissions

Bio - diesel Emi ss ions vs. Con ventional Diesel Emi ss ions for :

• 100 % bio - diesel fuel

• 20% bio - diesel fuel and 80% conventional diesel fuel

17

Bio- Fuel Chall enge s

• Low freezing point at 100 % bio - diesel fuel

• Gen era lly mix ed to dispel these qua lities

• Do es no t meet curre nt EN59 0 v eh icle q ua lity st an da rd

• Can be used in s tanda rd cars up to 20% bio - diesel fuel

• Rise in Nitrogen Oxide emis sions, respon sible for sm og

• Decrea se in bio - diversity in energ y crop har vest ing

• DARPA is inter ested in alterna tiv e jet fuels pro duction

• Have grants for $5M that

can help off set capital c ost

18

Conclu sion

• Switc hgrass

• Gasific ation - based F-T process

• Steam requiremen t: (2.6kg/sec , 240C)

• Hydrogen requirement: 0.1kg/sec (25C, 4bar)

• End products: biodi esel and gasoli ne

19

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22.033 / 22.33 Nuclear Systems Design Project

Fa ll 2011

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